Appendix D (illustrative) Morpho-syntactic Data Categories

Table of contents

This annexe lists and documents the morpho-syntactic data categories used in the MAF examples.

A repository of data categories, including morpho-syntactic data categories, may be found at http://syntax.inist.fr/

Appendix D.1 Complete list of the morphosyntax profile

/abbreviation/
  • Designation formed by omitting words or letters from a longer form and refering to the same concept.
/abessiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks.
/ablativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case used to typically indicate locative or instrumental function.
/absolutiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case for nouns in ergative-absolute languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
/accusativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case used to indicate direct object.
/activeVoice/
  • Value that expresses the situation where the grammatical subject is also the semantic actor of the verb.
/add/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Add a string at position X.
/addAffix/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the specified affix
/addAfter/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds a string to the right
/addBefore/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds a string to the left
/addComponentLemma/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the lemma of a specific component
/addComponentStem/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the stem of the specified component
/addFirstConsonant/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the first consonant of the operand
/addFirstVowel/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the first vowel of the operand
/addLemma/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the given lemma
/addLowerCaseComponentLemma/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that adds the lemma of the component in lower case initiale
/adessiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses the meaning of presence 'at' or 'near' a place.
/aditiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case expressing "to" in Basque studies.
/adjective/
  • Part of speech related to attributes of noun.
/adposition/
  • Part of speech that occurs before/inside/after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun or clause that functions as a noun phrase and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit.
/adverb/
  • Part of speech to refer to an heterogeneous group of words whose most frequent function is to specify the mode of action of the verb.
/affirmativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used to express affirmation.
/affix/
  • Letter or group of letters which are added to a word to make a new word.
/affixedPersonalPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Personnal pronoun that is affixed.
/affixRank/
  • broader term: /rank/
  • Rank of an affix
/allativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses the meaning of motion 'to' or 'towards' the referent it marks.
/allomorph/
  • One of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.
/allusivePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • allusive pronoun.
/animacy/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • The characteristic of a word indicating that in a given discourse community, its referent is considered to be alive or to possess a quality of volition or consciousness.
  • Conceptual domain: /animate//inanimate//otherAnimacy/
/animate/
  • Perceived as alive.
/any/
  • Markup meaning that all values are allowed
/aorist/
  • Simple past tense that is predominantly used for narration. Both the perfective and the imperfective forms can be used in the aorist without any restrictions.
/apocope/
  • property concerning the deletion of the final element in a word
/approximate/
  • Property used to qualify something similar but not exactly the same
/aspect/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Category associated to verbs and referring to the way the grammar marks the duration or type of temporal activity.
  • Conceptual domain: /cessative//imperfective//inchoative//perfective//unaccomplished/
/attributiveAdjective/
  • broader term: /grammaticalFunction/
  • An Attributive Adjective comes before a Noun and not after a Copula Verb, like BE, SEEM, etc.
/auxiliary/
  • broader term: /verb/
  • Part of speech referring to the set of verbs, subordinate to the main lexical verb which help to make distinction in mood, aspect, voice etc.
/be/
  • Verb used to link the subject of a sentence and its noun or adjective complement or complementing phrase.
/benchLevelRegister/
  • Register of terms used in applications-oriented as opposed to theoretical or academic levels of language.
/benefactiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause.
/bound/
  • Linked to a particular element.
/brokenPlural/
  • broader term: /plural/
  • Internal plural that do not have any inflection.
/bullet/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Sign used to mark an item in a list.
/case/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • In a given sentence, the way in which the form of a word changes in order to express a relationship with one or several words of the sentence. The morphological modification may apply to nouns, pronouns noun phrase constituents, such as adjectives or numerals.
  • Conceptual domain: /abessiveCase//ablativeCase//absolutiveCase//accusativeCase//adessiveCase//aditiveCase//allativeCase//benefactiveCase//causativeCase//comitativeCase//dativeCase//delativeCase//elativeCase//equativeCase//ergativeCase//essiveCase//genitiveCase//illativeCase//inessiveCase//instrumentalCase//lativeCase//locativeCase//nominativeCase//obliqueCase//partitiveCase//prolativeCase//sociativeCase//sublativeCase//superessiveCase//terminativeCase//translativeCase//vocativeCase/
/causativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.
/cessative/
  • Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state.
/characterCoding/
  • broader term: /coding/
  • Designation of the standard used to code the characters.
/circumposition/
  • broader term: /adposition/
  • Adposition which consists of two parts which are positioned ahead and after the adpositional foci.
/cliticness/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Categorization of the different types of clitics
  • Conceptual domain: /bound//no//yes/
/closeBracket/
  • broader term: /closePunctuation/
  • Punctuation that is graphically represented by ]
/closeCurlyBracket/
  • broader term: /closePunctuation/
  • Punctuation that is graphically represented by }
/closeParenthesis/
  • broader term: /closePunctuation/
  • End of a parenthesis pair.
/closePunctuation/
  • broader term: /punctuation/
  • End of a paired punctuation.
/coding/
  • system of marking so that data can be understood
/collective/
  • A collective number is a number referring to 'a set of things'. Languages that have this feature can use it to get a phrase like 'flock of sheeps' by using 'sheep' in collective number.
/colon/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Sign with two vertical points that is used in writing and printing to introduce an explanation, example or quotation.
/comitativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses a meaning similar to 'along with' or 'accompagnied by'.
/comma/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Mark (,) used in writing to show a short pause or to separate items in a list.
/comment/
  • Textual content about an element
/commonGender/
  • Indistinguished gender for epicenes.
/commonlyUsed/
  • Said of a term that appears frequently.
/commonNoun/
  • broader term: /noun/
  • Noun that signifies a non-specific member of a group.
/comparative/
  • Comparative is the comparison where only two entites are involved.
/comparativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used to compare.
/complement/
  • - A noun phrase that follows a copula or similar verb, as for example an idiot in the sentence He is an idiot. - A clause that serves as the subject or direct object of a verb or the direct object of a preposition, as for example that he would be early in the sentence I hoped that he would be early.
/componentRank/
  • broader term: /rank/
  • Rank of a component
/compoundPreposition/
  • broader term: /preposition/
  • Preposition that is a aggregation of words
/conditional/
  • A conditional relation is a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true.
/conditionalParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • conditional particule
/conditionalPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • conditional pronoun
/conjugated/
  • Property of a verbal form when inflected
/conjunction/
  • Word that syntactically links words or constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
/contextualVariation/
  • Variation on a particular usage or immediate proximity of words.
/coordinatingConjunction/
  • broader term: /conjunction/
  • Conjunction that links constituents.
/coordinationParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • particle for coordination
/copula/
  • broader term: /verb/
  • Special word that combines the subject of a sentence and its description.
/copy/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that duplicates N characters from position X at position Y
/countryCoding/
  • broader term: /coding/
  • Designation of the standard used to code the country.
/creationDate/
  • date of creation
/dateCoding/
  • broader term: /coding/
  • Designation of the standard used to code the dates.
/dating/
  • Indication specifying whether the usage is old or modern.
  • Conceptual domain: /modern//old/
/dativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that expresses an indirect object relationship or a range of meaning similar to that covered by 'to' or 'for' in English; but there is a great deal of variation between languages in the way this case is used.
/definite/
  • Value referring to the capacity of identification of an entity.
/definiteArticle/
  • broader term: /article/
  • Article that allows the reference to a specific, identifiable entity (or class of entities).
/definiteness/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Property about the possiblity to identify an entity.
  • Conceptual domain: /definite//fullArticle//indefinite//shortArticle/
/definition/
  • Representation of a concept by a descriptive statement which serves to differentiate it from related concepts.
/degree/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Property concerning comparison.
  • Conceptual domain: /comparative//positive//superlative//positive//comparative//superlative/
/delativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.
/demonstrativeDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
/demonstrativePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun used to point to an entity in the situation or elsewhere in a sentence.
/derivation/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Change in the form of a linguistic unit, usually modification in the base/root or affixation to create a new word.
/determiner/
  • Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.
/dialectRegister/
  • Register that is specific to a dialect.
/diminutiveNoun/
  • broader term: /noun/
  • diminutive noun
/direction/
  • general way in which something changes or develops
/directObject/
  • broader term: /object/
  • A direct object is a grammatical relation that exhibits a combination of certain independent syntactic properties, such as the following: - The usual grammatical characteristics of the patient of typically transitive verbs - A particular case marking - A particular clause position - The conditioning of an agreement affix on the verb - The capability of becoming the clause subject in passivization - The capability of reflexivization
/distinctiveParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • distinctive particle
/ditransitive/
  • Ditransitivity (or Bitransitivity) is a term which describes a verb or clause which takes two objects.
/domain/
  • area of activity, interest, or knowledge
/dual/
  • Form used in some languages to designate two persons or things.
/elativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses the meaning of motion 'away from' from the referent of the noun it marks.
/elision/
  • The omission of a syllable or vowel at the beginning or end of a word, esp. when a word ending with a vowel is next to one beginning with a vowel.
/emphaticPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun marked to show its importance.
/equativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. It can have meaning, such as: 'as', 'like', or 'in the capacity of'.
/ergativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case assigned to the subject of a transitive verb as opposed to absolutive case.
/essiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses a state of being.
/etymologicalRoot/
  • broader term: /morpheme/
  • Morpheme that has a particular status with regards to the word's etymology.
/exact/
  • Completely correct in every detail
/example/
  • Descriptive material that provides a sample of an object or entity defined in the entry.
/exclamativeDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner expressing an emotional utterance and marked with a strong intonation.
/exclamativePoint/
  • broader term: /declarativePunctuation/
  • Special sign (!) usually used in writing to mark exclamation.
/exclamativePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun marked with an emotional utterance and/or a strong intonation.
/expansionVariation/
  • Description of the kind of variation between full and abbreviated forms.
/expletive/
  • Word which serves no grammatical function, but which fills up a sentence or gives emphasis.
/externalReference/
  • Reference to a particular node of an external descriptive system.
/externalSystem/
  • Reference to an external descriptive system.
/facetiousRegister/
  • Register related to an expression that is intended to be clever and funny but that is really silly and annoying.
/feminine/
  • Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to females.
/finite/
  • Property applied to a verb form that can occur on its own in an independent sentence.
/finiteness/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Property referring to finite and non-finite status of a verbal form.
  • Conceptual domain: /finite//nonFinite/
/firstPerson/
  • First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker, or both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker
/foreignText/
  • broader term: /residual/
  • Markup used to identify a word, phrase, or extended text as belonging to some language other than that of the surrounding text.
/formalRegister/
  • Formal register.
/formula/
  • broader term: /residual/
  • Figures, symbols or the like used to express a concept briefly, such as a mathematical or chemical formula.
/frequency/
  • The relative commonness with which a term occurs.
  • Conceptual domain: /commonlyUsed//infrequentlyUsed//rarelyUsed/
/fullArticle/
  • For definiteness, when a specific form is the syntactic subject of the clause.
/fusedPreposition/
  • broader term: /preposition/
  • Preposition that is the result of a morphological merge from at least two words.
/future/
  • Verb tense that indicates action or state of being in the future.
/futureParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used in order to express future.
/futurePerfect/
  • A verb tense that refers to an action or state of being completed in the future. into English requires the use of the auxiliary verbs will/shall have.
/generalAdverb/
  • broader term: /adverb/
  • Adverb belonging to the general class of adverbs
/genitiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses a possessive relationship (e.g. the boy's book) or some other similarly close connection (e.g. a summer's day).
/geographicalVariant/
  • Description of a specific form used in a certain region as opposed to another form used in another region
/gerundive/
  • an adjective formed from a verb, expressing the desirability of the activity denoted by the verb
/gerundive/
  • property for a non-finite form of a verb other than the infinitive.
/grammaticalFunction/
  • Conceptual domain: /attributiveAdjective//predicativeAdjective/
/grammaticalGender/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Category based on (depending on languages) the natural distinction between sex and formal criteria.
  • Conceptual domain: /commonGender//feminine//masculine//neuter//masculine//feminine//neuter//masculine//feminine//feminine//masculine//neuter//feminine//masculine//commonGender/
/grammaticalNumber/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to.
  • Conceptual domain: /collective//dual//paucal//plural//quadrial//singular//trial//singular//plural//singular//plural/
/grammaticalTense/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Property referring to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place.
  • Conceptual domain: /future//imperfect//past//present//present//imperfect//past//future//present//past/
/graphicalOperator/
  • broader term: /operator/
  • Description of the modification of a written form
/graphicalSeparator/
  • Character string that appears between two written forms
/have/
  • The verb have.
/homograph/
  • Word that is written like another, but that has a different pronunciation, meaning, and/or origin.
/homonym/
  • Word that sounds the same and is written the same as another word but is different in meaning.
/homophone/
  • Word that sounds like another word, but is different in writiing or meaning.
/hyphen/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Punctuation that is graphically presented as "-".
/id/
  • Identification of an element
/illativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses the meaning of 'motion into' or 'direction towards' the referent of the noun it marks.
/image/
  • graphical representation
/imperative/
  • Mood used to express an order.
/imperfect/
  • Verb tense that refers to action in the past that is incomplete or ongoing.
/imperfective/
  • Imperfective aspect is an aspect that expresses an event or state, with respect to its internal structure, instead of expressing it as a simple whole.
/impersonal/
  • An impersonal verb is a verb that - occurs only in third person singular forms - has no specified agent , and - has a dummy subject or no subject.
/impersonalPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun lacking person referent.
/impossible/
  • to denote something that cannot be considered as being correct in a given language
/inanimate/
  • Perceived as not living.
/indefiniteArticle/
  • broader term: /article/
  • Article not capable of expressing identification.
/indefiniteDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner not capable of identification.
/indefinitePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun that does not allow reference.
/indicative/
  • Mood value used in the expression of statements and questions.
/indifferent/
  • Markup to express that there is not any pertinence.
/indirectObject/
  • broader term: /object/
  • An indirect object is a grammatical relation that is one means of expressing the semantic role of goal and other similar roles. It is proposed for languages in which the role is distinct from the direct object and the oblique object on the basis of multiple independent syntactic or morphological criteria, such as the following: - Having a particular case marking, commonly dative - Governing an agreement affix on the verb, such as person or number - Being distinct from oblique relations in that it may be relativized
/inessiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses the meaning of location or position within a place.
/infinitive/
  • Mood cited as unmarked or base form.
/infinitiveParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used to express infinitive.
/infix/
  • broader term: /affix/
  • Affix inserted in the middle of a word to change its meaning or part of speech value.
/infrequentlyUsed/
  • Said of a term that does not appear frequently.
/inHouseRegister/
  • Register of terms that are company-specific and not readily recognized outside this environment.
/instrumentalCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
/intensity/
  • Quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect
/interjection/
  • Word or sound that expresses an emotion.
/interrogative/
  • An interrogative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker wishes to elicit information concerning the content of his or her utterance from the addressee.
/interrogativeDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner used to express a question.
/interrogativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used to express a question.
/interrogativePoint/
  • broader term: /interrogativePunctuation/
  • Sign used to express a question.
/interrogativePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun used to express a question.
/interrogativePunctuation/
  • broader term: /mainPunctuation/
  • Punctuation used when the sentence is interrogative.
/intransitive/
  • Refers to a verb that does not take a direct object; that is, to a verb that does not express an action which directly affects another person or thing.
/invertedComma/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Inverted comma.
/invertedInterrogativePoint/
  • broader term: /interrogativePunctuation/
  • Punctuation used in certain languages at the beginning of an interrogative sentence.
/ironicRegister/
  • Register for irony.
/label/
  • Text attached to an element
/language/
  • System of communication by written or spoken words which is used by the people of a particular country or area.
/languageCoding/
  • broader term: /coding/
  • Designation of the standard used to code the name of the languages.
/lativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case which expresses motion to a location.
/leftEnvironment/
  • Left side from a specific point
/lemma/
  • Base form a word or term that is used as the formal entry in a dictionary.
/letter/
  • broader term: /residual/
  • Letter.
/lexeme/
  • Minimal unit of language which : has a semantic interpretation and embodies a distinct cultural concept.
/lexicalType/
  • Type of an entry in a lexicon
/location/
  • position of something
/locativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that indicates a final location of action or a time of the action.
/logicalAnd/
  • broader term: /logicalOperator/
  • Logical operation that results in a value of true if all of its operands are true, otherwise a value of false
/logicalNot/
  • broader term: /logicalOperator/
  • Logical unary operation that returns true when its operand is false, otherwise returns true
/logicalOperator/
  • Type of action that gives a value of true or false
/logicalValue/
  • Value used in a logical operation
/macron/
  • Mark placed over a long vowel to mark quantity.
/mainPunctuation/
  • broader term: /punctuation/
  • Punctuation that is more important than a secondary punctuation with regards to sentence splitting in a text.
/mainVerb/
  • broader term: /verb/
  • Main verb in contrast to a modal or an auxiliary.
/masculine/
  • Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to males.
/masdar/
  • property that expresses a verbal idea under an abstract form.
/middleVoice/
  • Value for middle voice that expresses that the subject is both the agent and object, or that the subject is separate from the agent or that the receiver is the agent him/herself.
/modal/
  • broader term: /verb/
  • Verb form that is usually used with another verb to express ideas such as possibilities, permission, or intention.
/modalParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle which functions as a modal.
/modern/
  • Currently in use.
/modificationType/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Refers to the prenominal or postnominal positions of determiners which distinguish different forms.
  • Conceptual domain: /indifferent//postModifier//preModifier/
/morpheme/
  • A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
/morphologicalFeature/
  • Property attached to a given inflected form that usually permits to distinguish this form from the generic lemmatised form of the word.
/namedEntity/
  • segment of text for which one or many rigid designators stands for the referent
/native/
  • Value that expresses the absence of transformation
/negative/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • denotes the negation or the absence
  • Conceptual domain: /no//yes/
/negativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle used to express negation.
/negativePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun used in a context of a negation or for expressing a negation.
/neuter/
  • Of, relating to, or constituting the gender that ordinarily includes most words or grammatical forms referring to objects that are not characterized as male or female.
/neutralRegister/
  • The register appropriate to general texts or discourse.
/no/
  • broader term: /logicalValue/
  • Value for negation.
/nominativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case used to indicate the subject of a verb.
/nonFinite/
  • Property related for verb forms occurring on their own only in dependent clauses and lacking tense and mood contrasts.
/nonSpacedPinyin/
  • broader term: /pinyin/
  • Pinyin without any space characters
/noun/
  • Part of speech used to express the name of a person, place, action or thing.
/numeral/
  • Part of speech that expresses a number or the relation to a number.
/numeralApprox/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeric approximation.
/numeralBoth/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeric value for two.
/numeralDigit/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeral expressed by an arabic digit.
/numeralLetter/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeral expressed with letters.
/numeralMForm/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeral MForm.
/numeralRoman/
  • broader term: /numeral/
  • Numeral expressed with roman digits.
/numValue/
  • Numerical value to be interpreted in context.
/obliqueCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Any grammatical case other than the nominative
/old/
  • Used in the past.
/openBracket/
  • broader term: /openPunctuation/
  • Punctuation that is represented graphically as [
/openCurlyBracket/
  • broader term: /openPunctuation/
  • Punctuation that is graphically represented as {
/openParenthesis/
  • broader term: /openPunctuation/
  • Beginning of a pair of parenthesis.
/openPunctuation/
  • broader term: /punctuation/
  • Beginning of a paired punctuation.
/operation/
  • Way something such as a principle or law works or has an effect
/operator/
  • action name that can be applied to any number of operands
/order/
  • A state in which all components or elements are arranged logically, comprehensibly, or naturally
/ordinalAdjective/
  • broader term: /adjective/
  • Adjective expressing a numeric ranking.
/orthographyName/
  • Precision concerning the orthography
/otherAnimacy/
  • Perceived as related to animacy, but without specific reference to the previous items.
/ownedNumber/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Indication concerning the number of the possessed thing.
  • Conceptual domain: /plural//singular/
/ownerGender/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Indication concerning the gender of the person that ownes something.
  • Conceptual domain: /feminine//masculine//neuter//masculine//feminine//neuter/
/ownerNumber/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Indication concerning the number of the person that ownes something.
  • Conceptual domain: /dual//plural//singular//singular//plural//singular//plural/
/ownerPerson/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Indication concerning the person that ownes something.
  • Conceptual domain: /firstPerson//secondPerson//thirdPerson/
/paradigmType/
  • Sub-type of a paradigm class in morphology
/participle/
  • Term referring to a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective.
/participleAdjective/
  • broader term: /adjective/
  • Adjective based on a verb.
/particle/
  • Word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words, is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.
/partitiveArticle/
  • broader term: /article/
  • Article expressing a part or quantity.
/partitiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.
/partOfSpeech/
  • Term used to describe how a particular word is used in a sentence.
  • Conceptual domain: /adjective//adposition//adverb//affirmativeParticle//affixedPersonalPronoun//allusivePronoun//article//auxiliary//bullet//circumposition//closeParenthesis//colon//comma//commonNoun//comparativeParticle//compoundPreposition//conditionalParticle//conditionalPronoun//conjunction//coordinatingConjunction//coordinationParticle//copula//definiteArticle//demonstrativeDeterminer//demonstrativePronoun//determiner//diminutiveNoun//distinctiveParticle//emphaticPronoun//exclamativeDeterminer//exclamativePoint//exclamativePronoun//fusedPreposition//futureParticle//generalAdverb//impersonalPronoun//indefiniteArticle//indefiniteDeterminer//indefinitePronoun//infinitiveParticle//interjection//interrogativeDeterminer//interrogativeParticle//interrogativePoint//interrogativePronoun//invertedComma//mainVerb//modal//modalParticle//negativeParticle//negativePronoun//noun//openParenthesis//ordinalAdjective//participleAdjective//particle//particleAdverb//partitiveArticle//pastParticipleAdjective//personalPronoun//point//possessiveDeterminer//possessiveParticle//possessivePronoun//postposition//preposition//presentParticipleAdjective//pronoun//properNoun//punctuation//qualifierAdjective//reciprocalPronoun//reflexiveDeterminer//reflexivePronoun//relationNoun//relativeDeterminer//relativeParticle//relativePronoun//semiColon//simplePreposition//slash//strongPersonalPronoun//subordinatingConjunction//superlativeParticle//suspensionPoints//unclassifiedParticle//verb//voiceNoun//weakPersonalPronoun/
/passiveVoice/
  • Term referring to a situation where the grammatical subject is typically the recipient or goal of the action denoted by the verb.
/past/
  • Past tense is an absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.
/pastParticipleAdjective/
  • broader term: /participleAdjective/
  • Adjective based on a past participle.
/pastPerfect/
  • Past perfect tense is an absolute-relative tense that refers to a time in the past relative to a reference point, which itself is in the past relative to the moment of utterance
/paucal/
  • Number that specifies 'a few' things.
/perfect/
  • A verb tense that refers to completed action in the past. It corresponds to three English tenses.
/perfective/
  • Perfective aspect is an aspect that expresses a temporal view of an event or state as a simple whole, apart from the consideration of the internal structure of the time in which it occurs.
/person/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Indication of grammatical person (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) associated with a given inflected form.
  • Conceptual domain: /firstPerson//secondPerson//thirdPerson/
/personal/
  • Property that refers to the person.
/personalPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun referring a person.
/phoneticForm/
  • Representation of the spoken string of a form
/phoneticOperator/
  • broader term: /operator/
  • Description of the modification of a spoken form
/pinyin/
  • Transcription of Chinese ideograms
/pluperfect/
  • A verb tense that refers to action or state of being completed before some other event in the past. Its translation into English requires the use of the auxiliariy verb had.
/plural/
  • Value that expresses more than one element.
/pluralType/
  • type of plural
/point/
  • broader term: /declarativePunctuation/
  • Sign (.) used to expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation.
/position/
  • Place where something is needed or supposed to be
/positive/
  • Value used in a comparison relationship when no comparison is involved.
/possessive/
  • Relative to the possession or association.
/possessiveDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner that expresses ownership.
/possessiveParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle expressing ownship.
/possessivePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
/possible/
  • Value that denotes a linguistic situation considered as being correct in the given language
/postModifier/
  • Situation where the modifier is after the modified.
/postposition/
  • broader term: /adposition/
  • Adposition that appears at the end of the noun phrase.
/prefix/
  • broader term: /affix/
  • Affix added before a word to change its meaning or part of speech.
/preModifier/
  • Situation where the modifier is before the modified.
/preposition/
  • broader term: /adposition/
  • Adposition placed at the beginning of a noun phrase.
/present/
  • Verb tense that indicates action or state of being in the present.
/presentParticipleAdjective/
  • broader term: /participleAdjective/
  • Adjective based on a present participle.
/preverbalParticleLmf/
/prolativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case for a noun or a pronoun that expresses motion within a place or a period of time needed for an event.
/pronominal/
  • A pronominal is a phrase that functions as a pronoun
/pronoun/
  • Word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.
/properNoun/
  • broader term: /noun/
  • Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.
/punctuation/
  • Graphical mark used either at word level to indicate an abbreviation or at a text level to separate phrases or sentences.
/quadrial/
  • Property related to four elements.
/qualifier/
  • broader term: /adjective/
  • Also called MODIFIER : A word or phrase that qualifies the sense of another word; for example, the noun alarm is a modifier of clock in "alarm clock" and the phrase every day is an adverbial modifier of walks in "he walks every day"
/qualifierAdjective/
  • broader term: /adjective/
  • Adjective used to qualify.
/quotative/
  • The Quotative modality is used when the speakers evidence is based on second hand information.
/quote/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • Punctuation usually used to surround a quotation.
/rank/
  • Reference to one specific element in an ordered list of elements
/rarelyUsed/
  • Said of a term that is almost never used.
/reciprocalPronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun expressing mutual relationship.
/reduplicationType/
  • type of reduplication
/referentType/
  • Type of concrete object or concept (the referent) that an expression represents (the reference).
  • Conceptual domain: /personal//possessive/
/reflexiveDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner that refers to the same entity.
/reflexivePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun that refers to the subject of the sentence.
/register/
  • Classification indicating the relative level of language individually assigned to a lexeme or term or to a text type.
  • Conceptual domain: /benchLevelRegister//dialectRegister//facetiousRegister//formalRegister//inHouseRegister//ironicRegister//neutralRegister//slangRegister//tabooRegister//technicalRegister//vulgarRegister/
/relationNoun/
  • relation noun
/relativeDeterminer/
  • broader term: /determiner/
  • Determiner related to a referent.
/relativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • relative particle
/relativePronoun/
  • broader term: /pronoun/
  • Pronoun which introduces a relative clause and refers to something that has been said before.
/remove/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that remover N characters at position X.
/removeAfter/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • remove N characters from the right
/removeBefore/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that removes N characters from the left
/required/
  • property concerning something that is mandatory
/residual/
  • The residual value is assigned to classes of textword which lie outside the traditionally accepted range of grammatical classes, although they occur quite commonly in many texts.
/restriction/
  • General purpose additional specification for a given type of limitation.
/rightEnvironment/
  • Right side from a particular point
/romanization/
  • Transcription or transliteration from non-Latin script into Latin script.
/root/
  • base of a word
/rule/
  • instruction that states how things are done or allowed
/scheme/
  • Pattern for word creation
/scope/
  • Set of situations where a given property is valid
/script/
  • Set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or more languages.
/scriptCoding/
  • broader term: /coding/
  • Designation of the standard used to code the script.
/secondaryPunctuation/
  • broader term: /punctuation/
  • Punctuation that is not very important with regards to sentence splitting in a text.
/secondPerson/
  • Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee.
/semiColon/
  • broader term: /declarativePunctuation/
  • Sign (;) usually used to separate phrases.
/sentence/
  • A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
/shortArticle/
  • For definiteness, when a specific form is not the syntactic subject of the clause.
/simplePreposition/
  • broader term: /preposition/
  • Preposition that is a pure simple word in contrast with the notion of fused preposition.
/singular/
  • Value that expresses one element.
/slangRegister/
  • An extremely informal register of a word, term, or text that is used in spoken and everyday language and less commonly in documents.
/slash/
  • broader term: /secondaryPunctuation/
  • The punctuation sign /
/sociativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case related to the person in whose company the action is carried out, or to any belongings of people which take part in the action.
/sound/
  • pronunciation that is on a record
/source/
  • A complete citation of the bibliographic information pertaining to a document or other resource.
/space/
  • Empty area between words, lines or columns
/spacedPinyinAndTone/
  • broader term: /pinyin/
  • Pinyin with space and tone
/stem/
  • Root of a word, together with any derivational affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added.
/stemRank/
  • broader term: /rank/
  • Rank of a stem
/stringValue/
  • Character string to be interpreted in context
/strongPersonalPronoun/
  • broader term: /personalPronoun/
  • Personal pronoun that can occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a weak personal pronoun.
/subject/
  • broader term: /argument/
  • The noun or pronoun that, with all of its modifiers, immediately precedes the verb. He Is defined entierely in terms of position.
/subjunctive/
  • Mood often used to express uncertainty, whishes or desires.
/sublativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case for a move of something to the surface of another object.
/subordinatingConjunction/
  • broader term: /conjunction/
  • Conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. The subordinating conjunction typically marks the incorporated constituent.
/substantiveAdjective/
  • An adjective that modifies an implied, but not expressed, noun. When translating such an adjective into English, you must supply the missing noun.
/substitute/
  • broader term: /operation/
  • Operation that replaces N characters at position X by a string
/suffix/
  • broader term: /affix/
  • Affix added at the end of the word to change its meaning or part of speech.
/superessiveCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case indicating location on top of something or on the surface of something.
/superlative/
  • Value used in a comparison between more than two entities.
/superlativeParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle expressing superlative degree. Superlative is the comparison between more than two entities and contrasts with comparative where only two entities are involved and positive where no comparison is implied.
/supine/
  • The supine form of the verb in Swedish is used with the auxiliary verb ha (`to have') to form the perfective. The supine form is easy to spot a verb form that always ends with a t.
/suspensionPoints/
  • broader term: /declarativePunctuation/
  • Sequence of three dots having the same meaning as "et cetera" (full form) or "etc" (abbreviated form).
/symbol/
  • A non-splittable sequence of letters, numbers or signs that represents a particular meaning.
/syntacticCategory/
  • A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based on similar structure and sameness of distribution (the structural relationships between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure), and not on meaning.
/syntacticConstituent/
  • A constituent is one of two or more grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level.
/syntacticFunction/
  • A syntactic function is the grammatical relationship of one constituent to another within a syntactic construction. -
  • Conceptual domain: /directObject//indirectObject//subject/
/syntacticType/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Type of part of speech.
  • Conceptual domain: /adjective//adverb//noun/
/syntax/
  • The relationship of words to each other in a sentence
/tabooRegister/
  • Register that expresses a situation that people avoid because it is extremely offensive or embarrassing.
/technicalRegister/
  • The register appropriate to scientific texts or special languages.
/terminativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case that indicates to what or where something ends.
/text/
  • Series of sentences expressed in a natural language.
/thirdPerson/
  • Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee.
/token/
  • Character string surrounded by separators.
/transcription/
  • Form resulting from a coherent method of writing down speech sounds
/transformType/
  • Type of transformation
/transgressive/
  • present (action in the same time as of the predicate): The dog going through the house barks. past (action premature to the one of predicate): He has started to read the book after he had sat down.
/transitive/
  • A verb which takes a direct object; that is, a verb that expresses an action which directly affects another person or thing.
/translativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
/transliteration/
  • Form resulting from the conversion of one writing system into another
/trial/
  • Grammatical number referring to 'three things', as opposed to 'singular' and 'plural'.
/type/
  • One member of a group of people or things that have similar features or qualities.
/unaccomplished/
  • aspect that expresses an event or state that is not finished.
/unclassifiedParticle/
  • broader term: /particle/
  • Particle that is not covered by other sorts of particle definitions.
/unclassifiedPunctuation/
  • broader term: /punctuation/
  • Punctuation that cannot fit in the other sorts of punctuations.
/unclassifiedResidual/
  • broader term: /residual/
  • Part of speech not covered by all other definitions.
/unspecified/
  • Value that expresses the absence of specification.
/utterance/
  • Complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker's silence.
/valency/
/value/
  • Generic name for a value.
/variation/
  • Difference between similar objects
/verb/
  • Element which, singly or in combination with other verbs is used as the minimal predicate of a sentence, co-occurring with a subject. If the predicate contains other elements (e.g. object, complement), then it is the verb which more than any other is the unit which influences the choice and extent of these elements.
/verbFormMood/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • One of a set of distinctive forms that are used to signal modality. Modality is a facet of illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability or reality.
  • Conceptual domain: /conditional//gerundive//imperative//indicative//infinitive//participle//subjunctive//imperative//indicative//subjunctive//infinitive//participle//imperative//indicative//subjunctive//conditional//infinitive//participle/
/verbFrame/
  • A word used to express an action or state of being. Finite verbs have five variables: person, number, tense, mood, and voice.
  • Conceptual domain: /ditransitive//impersonal//intransitive//pronominal//transitive/
/view/
  • Way of thinking about or understanding something.
/vocativeCase/
  • broader term: /case/
  • Case used to indicate direct address.
/voice/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • The way sentences may alter the relationship between the subject and object of a verb, without changing the meaning of the sentence.
  • Conceptual domain: /activeVoice//middleVoice//passiveVoice/
/voiceNoun/
  • noun of a voice
/vulgarRegister/
  • Register of a term or text type that can be characterized as profane or socially unacceptable.
/weakPersonalPronoun/
  • broader term: /personalPronoun/
  • Personal pronoun that cannot occupy the position after a preposition and/or reinforce a strong personal pronoun.
/word/
  • Linguistic unit composed of at least a part of speech and a lemma.
/writtenForm/
  • Representation of the written string of a form
/yes/
  • broader term: /logicalValue/
  • Positive value
/zuInclusion/
  • broader term: /morphologicalFeature/
  • Inclusion of zu.
  • Conceptual domain: /no//yes/

↑ Contents « Appendix C (informative) Illustrative examples » Appendix E (informative) UML notions used within MAF

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